Holil SolomonParticipation is the active involvement of individual citizens, or groups in a society in the process of joint decision-making, planning and program implementation efforts and the development of social welfare services within and outside the community or on the basis of a sense of awareness of social responsibility.
Jnanabrota Bhattacharya (1972.20) defines participation as taking part in joint activities
Mubyarto (1984, 35) define it as a willingness to help the success of each program according to the ability of any person without means sacrificing self-interest.
Nelson (Bryant and White, 1982, 206) mentions two kinds of participation:Participation among citizens or members of an association which he called horizontal participation, and parisipasi performed by subordinates to superiors, among clients with a patron, or the community as a whole with the government, named vertical participation.
Involvement in political activities such as voting in elections, campaigns, and so on, is called participatory political process, while engaging in activities such as planning and implementation of development called participation in the administrative process (Bryant and White, 1982, 206). The involvement of a group or society as a whole, may be called collective participation, while individual participation in group activities can be referred to individual participation (Davis in Huneryager and Heckmann, 1967, 617).
Participation can be output and rural development can also be masukannnya (Cohen and Uphoff, 1997, 3; Johnston and Clark, 1982, 170), in fact, absolutely necessary input (Mubyanto, 1984, 43).Besides, participation can be regarded as a benchmark in assessing whether the project in question is a rural development project or not. If the villagers are concerned not had the opportunity to participate in the development of a project in the village, the project is not substantially rural development project (Peter du Sautoy).
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